Justia U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

Ahmed Abdalla Allam was charged with possession of a firearm within 1,000 feet of school grounds, violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(2)(A). Allam challenged the constitutionality of the statute under the Second Amendment, both facially and as applied to him. The district court rejected his challenges, and Allam subsequently pled guilty. He then appealed the denial of his as-applied challenge.The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas upheld the statute as constitutional, both facially and as applied to Allam, and denied his motion to dismiss. The court applied the framework from New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, finding no historical precursor to § 922(q)(2)(A) but concluded that late 19th-century prohibitions on possessing firearms in schools and near polling places were relevantly similar historical analogues. Following the denial of his motion, Allam pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 months in prison and three years of supervised release.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. The court applied the Bruen framework, determining that the Second Amendment's plain text covered Allam's conduct. However, the court found that § 922(q)(2)(A) was consistent with the Nation's historical tradition of firearm regulation, particularly when considering historical laws like the Statute of Northampton and going-armed laws, which restricted carrying firearms in a manner that posed a threat to public safety. The court also considered historical firearm regulations in educational settings and buffer zones around polling places, which supported the constitutionality of disarming a visibly threatening individual near a school.The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's rejection of Allam's as-applied challenge and upheld his guilty-plea conviction. View "USA v. Allam" on Justia Law

Zaappaaz, an online retailer founded by Azim Makanojiya, sold personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. They advertised guaranteed same-day shipping and in-stock availability, but failed to deliver on these promises, leading to numerous customer complaints. Customers often did not receive their orders on time, even when paying extra for expedited shipping, and were told refunds were unavailable.The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sued Zaappaaz for deceptive trade practices under the FTC Act and related regulations. The FTC sought $37,549,472.14 in damages, representing revenue from late or undelivered PPE orders. The magistrate judge recommended partial summary judgment on liability but found factual disputes regarding damages and injunctive relief. The district court adopted this recommendation and later granted the FTC's motion to establish certain facts, including Zaappaaz's net revenue from undelivered and unrefunded PPE orders.The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas held a bench trial and awarded the FTC $37,549,472.14 in damages. This included $12,241,035.69 for undelivered and unrefunded orders and $25,308,436.45 for late shipments. The court implemented a redress plan for the latter amount, allowing consumers to seek refunds from the FTC, with unclaimed funds returned to Zaappaaz after 120 days.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. It affirmed the $12,241,035.69 portion of the judgment, agreeing that the FTC had established this amount based on undisputed facts. However, it vacated the $25,308,436.45 portion, finding that the district court's award of full refunds for late shipments did not comply with the statutory requirement that the remedy be necessary to redress the injury and not punitive. The case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. View "FTC v. ZAAPPAAZ" on Justia Law

Mark Hamilton, the former Chief of the Fire Department of Wilmer, Texas, was terminated after testifying at a probation revocation hearing for a former employee, Craig Lawrence, who had hidden recording devices in fire station bathrooms. Hamilton testified in uniform, drove a city car to the hearing, and did not take leave from work. He claimed his termination was in retaliation for his protected First Amendment activity.The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas dismissed Hamilton's complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The court found that Hamilton did not state a claim for First Amendment retaliation, as his speech was not protected under the First Amendment. Hamilton appealed the decision.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case de novo. The court held that Hamilton did not speak as a citizen on a matter of public concern, as his testimony was given pursuant to his official duties as Fire Chief. The court also found that even if Hamilton's speech were protected, the City of Wilmer had adequate justification for treating him differently from any other member of the public due to his use of city resources and uniform during his testimony. The court affirmed the district court's dismissal of Hamilton's claims and denied his request for leave to amend his complaint, finding that any amendment would be futile. View "Hamilton v. City of Wilmer, Texas" on Justia Law

Jesus Yanez was hired by EchoStar Communications Corporation in 2001 and signed an arbitration agreement as part of his employment. Over the years, EchoStar underwent several corporate changes, including a name change to DISH Network Corporation and the creation of a new company, EchoStar Corporation. Yanez was terminated in 2018 and subsequently filed discrimination claims. After receiving right to sue letters, he sued in Texas state court, alleging age and nationality discrimination. The case was removed to federal court, where the district court granted a motion to compel arbitration and transferred the case. The arbitration proceeded slowly, and the district court eventually dismissed the case without prejudice due to the parties' failure to file a status report.The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas granted the motion to compel arbitration and stayed the case pending arbitration. The case was transferred to the Western District of Texas, El Paso division. The district court issued multiple show cause notices due to slow arbitration proceedings and ultimately dismissed the case without prejudice when the parties failed to file a required status report. Yanez filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment, which was denied by the district court, citing a recent Supreme Court decision.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. The court affirmed the district court's decision to compel arbitration, finding that the arbitration agreement was valid and enforceable under Texas law. However, the court reversed the district court's dismissal of the case, holding that the dismissal was effectively with prejudice due to the statute of limitations and did not meet the heightened standard required for dismissals with prejudice. The case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with the ruling. View "Yanez v. Dish Network" on Justia Law

Mary Reyes sued Equifax Information Services, L.L.C., alleging violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) for continuing to report a delinquent Citibank credit card account after she disputed the charges as fraudulent. Reyes received text messages about suspicious charges on her Citibank account, which she reported to Citibank. Citibank canceled her card and issued a new one, transferring the disputed charges to the new account. Reyes disputed the charges with Citibank and filed police reports, but Citibank maintained the charges were valid. Reyes stopped making payments, and Citibank reported the unpaid balance to credit reporting agencies, including Equifax.The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas granted summary judgment in favor of Equifax, dismissing Reyes's claims. The court found that Reyes failed to present evidence showing that the information reported by Equifax was inaccurate, that Equifax failed to follow reasonable procedures or conduct a reasonable reinvestigation, and that Equifax caused her any damages. The court also concluded that Reyes's FCRA suit was an impermissible collateral attack on the validity of her debt with Citibank.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case and affirmed the district court's decision. The Fifth Circuit held that inaccuracy is a threshold requirement for a claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1681i, and Reyes failed to show that the information reported by Equifax was inaccurate. The court also agreed that the FCRA does not provide a vehicle for challenging the legal validity of a debt by suing a credit reporting agency for accurately reporting that debt. The court concluded that consumer reporting agencies are not required to investigate the legal validity of disputed debts under the FCRA. View "Reyes v. Equifax" on Justia Law

Kenneth Anderson, Jr. was involved in a car accident in Harris County, Texas, and was found by Deputy Crystal Estrada in a drug-induced state. Anderson was initially compliant but later became uncooperative and resisted officers' attempts to secure him in a police vehicle. Deputy Mohanad Alobaidi used a taser in drive-stun mode on Anderson multiple times during the struggle. Anderson was later found unresponsive and pronounced dead at the hospital.The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas dismissed several claims against the officers but allowed an excessive force claim against Alobaidi and bystander liability claims against the other officers to proceed. The officers appealed the denial of qualified immunity on these claims.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case and reversed the district court's decision. The appellate court held that Alobaidi's use of force was not objectively unreasonable given Anderson's active resistance, the seriousness of the DUI offense, and the threat posed to the officers. The court concluded that Alobaidi's actions were measured and proportional to Anderson's escalating resistance, and therefore did not violate Anderson's Fourth Amendment rights. Consequently, the bystander liability claims against the other officers were also dismissed. View "Anderson v. Estrada" on Justia Law

Emergency air medical providers challenged award determinations made under the No Surprises Act (NSA). The NSA, enacted in 2022, protects patients from surprise bills for emergency services from out-of-network providers by creating an Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) process for billing disputes between providers and insurers. Guardian Flight transported a patient in Nebraska, and a dispute arose with Aetna over the service value. Similarly, Guardian Flight and its affiliates provided emergency services to patients insured by Kaiser, leading to disputes over payment amounts. Both disputes were submitted to Medical Evaluators of Texas (MET) as the IDR entity, which sided with the insurers.The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas consolidated the cases. The court dismissed Guardian Flight’s claims against Aetna and Kaiser, ruling that the providers failed to plead sufficient facts to trigger vacatur of the awards. However, the court denied MET’s motion to dismiss based on arbitral immunity, leading to MET’s cross-appeal.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. The court held that the NSA does not provide a general private right of action to challenge IDR awards, incorporating Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) provisions that allow courts to vacate awards only for specific reasons. The court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of the providers’ claims against Aetna and Kaiser, finding that the providers did not allege facts sufficient to show that the awards were procured by fraud or undue means under the FAA.Additionally, the Fifth Circuit addressed MET’s claim of arbitral immunity. The court concluded that MET, functioning as a neutral arbiter in the IDR process, is entitled to the same immunity from suit typically enjoyed by arbitrators. Consequently, the court reversed the district court’s judgment on this point and remanded with instructions to dismiss the providers’ claims against MET. View "Guardian Flight, L.L.C. v. Aetna Health, Inc." on Justia Law

Casey Cotton rear-ended Caleb Crabtree, causing significant injuries. Cotton, insured by Allstate, faced potential liability exceeding his policy limit. Allstate allegedly refused to settle with Crabtree and failed to inform Cotton of the settlement negotiations or his potential liability, giving Cotton a potential bad-faith claim against Allstate. The Crabtrees sued Cotton, who declared bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court allowed the personal-injury action to proceed, resulting in a $4 million judgment for the Crabtrees, making them judgment creditors in the bankruptcy proceeding. Cotton’s bad-faith claim was classified as an asset of the bankruptcy estate. The bankruptcy court allowed the Crabtrees to purchase Cotton’s bad-faith claim for $10,000, which they financed through Court Properties, Inc.The Crabtrees sued Allstate, asserting Cotton’s bad-faith claim. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi dismissed the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, holding that the assignments of Cotton’s claim to Court Properties and then to the Crabtrees were champertous and void under Mississippi law. Consequently, the court found that the Crabtrees lacked Article III standing as they had not suffered any injury from Allstate.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. The court certified a question to the Supreme Court of Mississippi regarding the validity of the assignments under Mississippi’s champerty statute. The Supreme Court of Mississippi held that the statute prohibits a disinterested third party engaged by a bankruptcy creditor from purchasing a cause of action from a debtor’s estate. Based on this ruling, the Fifth Circuit held that the assignment of Cotton’s claim to Court Properties was void, and thus, the Crabtrees did not possess Cotton’s bad-faith claim. Therefore, the Crabtrees lacked standing to sue Allstate, and the district court’s dismissal was affirmed. View "Crabtree v. Allstate Property" on Justia Law

Two air ambulance providers, Guardian Flight, LLC, and Med-Trans Corporation, sued Health Care Service Corporation (HCSC) for failing to timely pay dispute resolution awards under the No Surprises Act (NSA). The providers also claimed that HCSC improperly denied benefits under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and was unjustly enriched under Texas law.The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas dismissed the providers' complaint. The court found that the NSA does not provide a private right of action for enforcing dispute resolution awards. It also dismissed the ERISA claim for lack of standing, as the providers did not show that the beneficiaries suffered any injury since the NSA shields them from liability. Lastly, the court dismissed the quantum meruit claim, stating that the providers did not perform their services for HCSC's benefit. The court also denied the providers' request for leave to amend their complaint, deeming it futile.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's decision. The appellate court agreed that the NSA does not contain a private right of action and that the statute's text and structure support this conclusion. The court also upheld the dismissal of the ERISA claim, reiterating that the beneficiaries did not suffer any concrete injury. Finally, the court affirmed the dismissal of the quantum meruit claim, as the providers did not render services for HCSC's benefit. The appellate court also found no abuse of discretion in the district court's denial of leave to amend the complaint. View "Guardian Flight v. Health Care Service" on Justia Law

In this case, the defendant, Louis Vernon Jackson, was involved in two separate drug busts in Louisiana in April and May 2020. During these busts, law enforcement found significant quantities of drugs, firearms, and drug paraphernalia in motel rooms linked to Jackson. Following these incidents, Jackson was indicted on multiple charges, including conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, possession with intent to distribute Tramadol, possession of firearms in furtherance of drug trafficking, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine.Jackson chose to represent himself throughout the trial process. The magistrate judge conducted a Faretta colloquy to ensure Jackson's waiver of his right to counsel was made knowingly and voluntarily. Despite repeated warnings about the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, Jackson insisted on proceeding pro se. Before the trial, the district judge conducted another Faretta colloquy to reaffirm Jackson's decision.The jury convicted Jackson on three counts: conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. He was acquitted on the charges of possession with intent to distribute Tramadol and possession of firearms in furtherance of drug trafficking. Jackson was sentenced to 360 months of imprisonment and subsequently appealed.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the case. Jackson argued that the district court erred by not conducting a competency hearing sua sponte to determine his ability to represent himself. The Fifth Circuit found no abuse of discretion by the district court, noting that Jackson had been repeatedly warned about the challenges of self-representation and had demonstrated a rational understanding of the proceedings. The court affirmed the district court's decision, concluding that Jackson was competent to represent himself. View "United States v. Jackson" on Justia Law