Justia U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

The Fifth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction for possessing a firearm after a felony conviction. The court concluded that defendant's Texas robbery conviction qualifies as a crime of violence under USSG 4B1.2(a)(2), and the district court properly applied USSG 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). The court explained that defendant misconstrues the fourth footnote in United States v. Santiesteban-Hernandez, which the court previously explained in an unpublished opinion which simply recognizes that the generic definition of robbery did not require a particular mens rea. Furthermore, defendant's reading of this footnote is at odds with the opinion's conclusion that Texas robbery and generic robbery substantially correspond. View "United States v. Adair" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of defendant's motion to suppress drugs found in a package he mailed via the United States Postal Service from Houston, Texas, to Hammond, Louisiana. Defendant argued that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated, and an unlawful seizure occurred, when the package was rerouted back to Houston, which took five days, before law enforcement took further investigative steps to confirm their suspicion. However, the court agreed with the district court that the U.S. Marshal's choice to reroute the package back to Houston was reasonable and prudent under the facts of this case. The court also agreed that the five days the package was in transit from Hammond back to Houston, as well as the two days it took to obtain the warrant after the package returned to Houston, were not unreasonably long under the circumstances. In this case, the package had extensive connections to Houston and the U.S. Marshal requested that the package be rerouted to Houston because he believed that there was no difference in the time it would take to obtain a warrant in Houston versus Hammond. View "United States v. Beard" on Justia Law

Martinez pleaded guilty to drug and gun crimes. He filed a notice of appeal. His attorney later filed an “Anders” motion to withdraw. Martinez did not object to his attorney’s view that an appeal would be frivolous.The Fifth Circuit addressed whether a conflict existed between “the oral pronouncement of the conditions of supervised release at sentencing and the written judgment setting forth those conditions” before dismissing the appeal. Martinez’s PSR recommended the “mandatory and standard conditions of supervision” plus a search condition. The district court confirmed that Martinez had reviewed the PSR and did not object, then announced that it was adopting the PSR. The subsequent written judgment included the 17 standard conditions listed in the Western District of Texas’s Order on Conditions of Probation and Supervised Release. The only conceivable pronouncement problem is that the district court did not cite the standing order when it orally imposed the “standard conditions.” That does not provide a basis for appeal. There is no notice problem. The PSR notified Martinez that “standard conditions” would likely be imposed. Given the longstanding existence of the standing order, defense counsel certainly knew that the standard conditions being imposed were listed in the standing order and included in the judgment form created by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. View "United States v. Martinez" on Justia Law

Gardner was indicted for possession with intent to distribute a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine. He retained counsel (Bailey) and pleaded guilty without a plea agreement. Three months later, Gardner’s initial PSR was filed. On the day of sentencing, Bailey orally moved for and obtained a continuance to file objections to the PSR. Days later, Gardner, pro se, moved to appoint new counsel, saying that Bailey previously told him that objections to the PSR had already been filed and that Bailey gave him inconsistent information as to the availability of audio or video footage of the search that led to his arrest. The court granted Bailey’s subsequent motion to withdraw and appointed new counsel, Bullajian, and subsequently granted Bullajian four continuances.Gardner then moved to withdraw his guilty plea, alleging ineffectiveness by former counsel Bailey, who told him “that a motion to suppress would be filed after the entering of the plea.” The district court denied the motion to withdraw the plea without an evidentiary hearing, sentencing Gardner to 240 months’ imprisonment. The Fifth Circuit vacated. Gardner alleged sufficient facts to require a hearing upon the motion to withdraw, and if granted, his motion to suppress. View "United States v. Gardner" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed defendant's sentence, issued by the district court on remand, after he pleaded guilty to possession with the intent to distribute cocaine base. The court concluded that the district court's order, as amended, complied with the court's mandate, including the spirit of it as embodied by United States v. Evbuomwan, 992 F.2d 70, 74 (5th Cir. 1993). In this case, the district court made the three required findings for USSG 1B1.3 liability and unequivocally held defendant indirectly responsible for all of the $7,809.The court had remanded defendant's case to the district court to determine whether defendant was directly or indirectly responsible for the currency at issue, and the district court made a determination as to the latter. The court concluded that the district court's findings were plausible in light of the record, including the district court's finding that defendant was indirectly responsible for the entire amount of the currency seized from the residence at issue. View "United States v. Johnson" on Justia Law

After defendant was convicted of violating both the Controlled Substances Act and the Controlled Analogue Enforcement Act, the district court sentenced him to 120 years in prison. On appeal, the parties agree that the jury instructions regarding the Analogue Act were erroneous because they omitted an element of the offense. Defendant claimed that the error was structural.The Fifth Circuit concluded that there is more than enough to demonstrate defendant's knowledge of the chemical structure of the drugs he sold and the controlled substances they mimicked. The court rejected defendant's contention that United States v. Stanford, 823 F.3d 814 (5th Cir. 2016), permits the court to bypass the "thorough examination" of the "whole record" that is required in Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1 (1999). Rather, the court applied the Neder harmless-error standard on the same "functional, case-by-case" basis as usual, and concluded that a jury could not rationally find that the Government failed to prove the knowledge requirement in McFadden v. United States, 576 U.S. 186, 188–89 (2015). Therefore, the court concluded that the omitted element in defendant's jury instruction was harmless. The court rejected defendant's remaining arguments on appeal. View "United States v. Muhammad" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's second denial of plaintiff's motion for compassionate release based on failure to exhaust administrative remedies. In this case, the district court's initial denial was correct where plaintiff had failed to exhaust because the requisite 30-day period has not yet lapsed; only after that initial denial did he satisfy the exhaustion requirement; and instead of filing a new motion upon exhaustion, he filed a motion for reconsideration. The court concluded that plaintiff could not cure his exhaustion defect after the district court's initial denial and then rely on that cured defect as a justification for reconsideration. The court explained that an intervening change in circumstance—such as exhausting previously unexhausted administrative remedies—is not a proper basis for a motion for reconsideration. View "United States v. Garrett" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit granted the government's petition for panel rehearing, withdrew its prior opinion, and substituted the following opinion. The court denied defendants' petitions for panel rehearing and for rehearing en banc.Defendants McClaren, Keelen, Fortia, Scott, and Allen were convicted of numerous crimes related to their participation in a New Orleans street gang. The court concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to sever McClaren and Scott's trials; the district court did not clearly err in its Batson determinations; the court rejected challenges to co-conspirator testimony; the evidence was sufficient to support Allen, Fortia, and Keelan's convictions for RICO conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. 1962(d); the evidence was sufficient to support Fortia, Keelen, and Allen's VICAR convictions under 18 U.S.C. 1959(a)(3) and 1959(a)(1); the evidence was sufficient to support Fortia, Keelen, McClaren, and Scott's conviction for engaging in a drug-trafficking conspiracy; the evidence was sufficient to support Fortia's ratification of the drug and RICO conspiracies; and the evidence was sufficient to support Keelen, McClaren, Scott, and Fortia's convictions for conspiracy to sell 280 grams or more of crack. However, the court vacated Fortia's sentence for drug-trafficking conspiracy and remanded for resentencing.The court concluded that it was plain error to permit the jury to convict defendants under 18 U.S.C. 924 and reversed Allen, Fortia, and Keelen's firearms convictions accordingly. Because a RICO violation is not a permissible predicate offense for a subsection (c) violation, the court also reversed Keelen's conviction under 18 U.S.C. 924(j); the evidence was sufficient to support McClaren and Scott's convictions for conspiracy to possess firearms; and defendants are not entitled to a new trial because of the admission and use of the plea agreement documents. The court affirmed the district court's denial of defendants' motion for a new trial, and affirmed Scott and McClaren's sentences. View "United States v. McClaren" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of defendant's motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. 2255 because the motion was time-barred by the one-year limitations period in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). The court concluded that defendant is not entitled to equitable tolling or recharacterization on his pro se filings. The court found United States v. Riggs, 314 F.3d 796, 799 (5th Cir. 2002), controlling where the record showed that defendant's counsel erroneously told defendant that he had not missed the deadline. Furthermore, even if defendant were entitled to have his pro se Johnson motion recharacterized as a section 2255 motion, his current arguments alleging prosecutorial conflict of interest do not relate back to his Johnson filing under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c). View "United States v. Cardenas" on Justia Law

On remand from the Supreme Court, the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's judgment as reformed to reflect that defendant was convicted and sentenced under 8 U.S.C. 1326(b)(1).Defendant pleaded guilty of illegally reentering the United States after having been convicted of an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. 1326(b)(2), and was sentenced to 36 months in prison. While his certiorari petition was pending, the Supreme Court decided Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817, 1821-22 (2021), which held that a crime capable of commission with a "less culpable mental state than purpose or knowledge," such as "recklessness," cannot qualify as a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. 924(e). The Court then granted defendant's petition, vacated the Fifth Circuit's judgment, and remanded. On remand, the parties agree that, in light of Borden, defendant should not have been sentenced under section 1326(b)(2) because Texas family violence assault can be committed recklessly. Both parties agree that defendant's conviction falls within 8 U.S.C. 1326(b)(1), which covers illegal reentry after conviction on three or more qualifying misdemeanors or a nonaggravated felony. The Fifth Circuit agreed and concluded that reformation without remand is appropriate in this case. View "United States v. Olvera-Martinez" on Justia Law