Justia U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

TSRA filed suit seeking to enjoin demolitions under the city's new ordinance, DALL. CITY CODE 51A-4.501(i), which streamlined the city's procedure for demolishing dilapidated historical homes smaller than 3,000 feet. The district court dismissed TSRA's claims.The Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that TSRA does not have standing to assert its claims under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) or its 42 U.S.C.1982 and 1983 claims. In regard to the FHA claim, the court held that TSRA failed to prove that its injuries are traceable to the city's alleged misconduct and that its injuries are redressable by judgment in its favor. In this case, TSRA did not put forth any separate theories of standing for its sections 1982 and 1983 claims. Therefore, even assuming that TSRA established a constitutional injury-in-fact for purposes of sections 1982 and 1983, the court held that these claims would likewise suffer the same traceability and redressability defects as its FHA claims. View "Tenth Street Residential Ass'n v. City of Dallas" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit granted a certificate of appealability on petitioner's claim that his trial counsel failed to subject the prosecution's case to meaningful adversarial testing in violation of United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 104 S. Ct. 2039 (1984).Even when reviewed de novo, the court held that counsel's statements during summation and sentencing did not amount to a complete failure to mount a defense and thus Cronic does not apply. In this case, counsel did not entirely fail to subject the prosecution's case to meaningful adversarial testing. Rather, counsel actively advocated on petitioner's behalf throughout the trial and he moved to suppress evidence; he cross-examined the state's witnesses on their identification of petitioner as the culprit, ultimately impeaching several of them and prompting the arguably most critical witness to admit she lied to the police; cross-examined the detectives involved in the underlying investigation on their search and arrest of petitioner, as well as the subsequent handling of evidence; and counsel did not abandon petitioner by conceding the only factual issues in dispute. View "Thomas v. Davis" on Justia Law

Plaintiffs filed a citizen suit against Exxon, seeking to recover from more than 16,000 Clean Air Act violations arising from the Baytown, Texas complex.The Fifth Circuit held that Clean Air Act plaintiffs must prove standing for each violation in support of their claims. The court held that the evidence supports the district court's findings of injury, traceability, and redressability for a number of the violations. However, a limited remand is needed for the district court to determine what other violations could have contributed to plaintiffs' members' injuries and then to tabulate its findings. The court noted that it does not require line-by-line findings, but that the district court may group violations. Furthermore, plaintiffs have standing for at least some of the violations that Exxon asserts affirmative defenses against. The court remanded for findings on whether Exxon proved its Act of God defense for the relatively small number of violations occurring during Hurricane Ike. The court affirmed the district court's rejection of Exxon's Rule 52(b) motion, because Exxon failed to meet its burden in supporting its no-fault defenses by failing to identify evidence establishing that it met the relevant criteria for each individual emissions event. Because the court remanded for the district court to determine the number of violations for which plaintiffs have standing, as well as whether Exxon proved its Act of God defense for any violations, the court will also have to reassess the penalties. View "Environment Texas Citizen Lobby, Inc. v. ExxonMobil Corp." on Justia Law

Vickers was convicted as a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1). The PSR concluded that he was an Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) career offender based on his prior Texas felony convictions for murder, burglary of a habitation, and unlawful delivery of a controlled substance. In 2007, the court sentenced Vickers to 190 months’ imprisonment, which was adjusted to 168 months to give him credit for 22 months served in Texas state prisons for a related state offense. The Fifth Circuit affirmed.In 2015, Vickers filed a 28 U.S.C. 2255 motion alleging that his prior convictions no longer qualify as predicate offenses under the ACCA in light of the Supreme Court’s 2015 Johnson decision. The Fifth Circuit authorized a successive section 2555 motion to address the Texas murder conviction but denied his request to challenge his sentence based on the argument that his Texas burglary conviction no longer qualifies. The district court vacated Vickers’s sentence and resentenced him to 98 months. The Fifth Circuit vacated, applying the categorical approach to conclude that the statute under which Vickers was convicted meets the ACCA’s definition of a violent felony as involving “physical force against the person of another.” View "United States v. Vickers" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus based on petitioner's claim that the state violated her rights under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), and that her attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel.The court held that, even assuming that counsel performed deficiently by failing to call petitioner's family to testify about her character and the struggles she endured, the state court reasonably found that petitioner failed to establish prejudice. Furthermore, after weighing the mitigation evidence against the aggravating evidence, the aggravating evidence outweighed the mitigation evidence. The court also held that, although counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the erroneous instruction regarding Texas's law of parties, petitioner failed to demonstrate prejudice. The court further held that petitioner's claim that counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the statements concerning parole availability is without merit. Finally, the court held that the state court properly rejected the Batson claim where the prosecution presented a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenge. View "Sheppard v. Davis" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of the petition for habeas corpus relief based on petitioner's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The court agreed with the district court that there is no reasonable probability that a juror would have found that the mitigating evidence, both old and new, outweighed the aggravating evidence. Therefore, the mitigating evidence is not so compelling that it would tip the balance and establish a "substantial" likelihood of a different result. Accordingly, the district court correctly held that petitioner has not proven prejudice to prevail on his Wiggins claim. View "Canales v. Davis" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit reversed the district court's dismissal for lack of jurisdiction of an action against NAMB for intentional interference with business relationships, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The district court cited the ecclesiastical abstention doctrine and found that it would need to resolve ecclesiastical questions in order to resolve plaintiff's claims. The court held that, at this time, it is not certain that resolution of plaintiff's claims will require the district court to interfere with matters of church government, matters of faith, or matters of doctrine. Accordingly, the court remanded for further proceedings. View "McRaney v. The North American Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Inc." on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment based on qualified immunity to a law enforcement officer in a 42 U.S.C. 1983 action. The officer accidentally discharged the firearm and shot Jonathan Bryant in the shoulder while arresting him after a high speed chase. The court held that the district court did not err in admitting opinion evidence that the shooting was accidental. The court also held that there is no fact dispute that the officer unintentionally kept his firearm in his hand as he sought to restrain Bryant. Therefore, plaintiff failed to show a violation of any Fourth Amendment rights. View "Bryant v. Gillem" on Justia Law

Plaintiff, currently incarcerated in Texas, filed suit under 42 U.S.C. 1983 alleging that various employees of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice violated federal law when they deducted a $100 medical co-payment from his inmate trust account. Plaintiff, who receives regular payments from the VA, claimed that this deduction violated 38 U.S.C. 5301(a) and 31 C.F.R. 212.The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment to defendants in regard to plaintiff's claims arising from the TDCJ defendants' purported violations of section 5301(a). In this case, plaintiff's VA benefits were commingled with transfers from his Altra account and with sizeable deposits by a private individual. Therefore, it is impossible to know whether the medical co-payment was charged against funds that originated from the Department of the Treasury and plaintiff cannot state a claim under Section 5301(a), which protects only payments of federal benefits. The court also affirmed the trial court's assessment of filing fees, and affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on the due process claims. View "Hawes v. Stephens" on Justia Law

Former Texas state judge Suzanne Wooten filed suit under 42 U.S.C. 1983 against state and local law enforcement officials, alleging that they violated the Constitution by investigating and prosecuting her in retaliation for unseating an incumbent judge and making rulings they disagreed with. At issue in this appeal was whether defendants are entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity for their alleged acts.The Fifth Circuit held that the district court was without jurisdiction to accept Wooten's second amended complaint; that her first amended complaint remains operative; and that this appeal is not moot. The court also held that it has jurisdiction to hear defendants' appeal regarding prosecutorial immunity and Defendant White and Abbott's official immunity claims. However, the court held that it lacked jurisdiction to hear any defendant's appeal on qualified immunity and Defendants Roach and Milner's claims to official immunity.On the merits, the court held that Defendants Roach, White, and Abbott are each entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity. However, the court held that Defendant Milner is not shielded by absolute prosecutorial immunity because he was performing investigative functions that do not qualify for absolute immunity. Accordingly, the court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings. View "Wooten v. Roach" on Justia Law